Old Old Fashioned Telegram Great Britain 1800s

Long altitude manual of text

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas pigeon post is not. Ancient signalling systems, although sometimes quite extensive and sophisticated as in China, were by and large non capable of transmitting arbitrary text messages. Possible messages were fixed and predetermined and such systems are thus non truthful telegraphs.

The earliest truthful telegraph put into widespread use was the optical telegraph of Claude Chappe, invented in the late 18th century. The system was used extensively in France, and European nations occupied past France, during the Napoleonic era. The electric telegraph started to replace the optical telegraph in the mid-19th century. It was first taken up in Britain in the class of the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, initially used mostly as an aid to railway signalling. This was quickly followed past a dissimilar arrangement developed in the United states of america by Samuel Morse. The electric telegraph was slower to develop in France due to the established optical telegraph arrangement, simply an electrical telegraph was put into use with a code uniform with the Chappe optical telegraph. The Morse organisation was adopted as the international standard in 1865, using a modified Morse lawmaking developed in Federal republic of germany in 1848.^[1]

The heliograph is a telegraph system using reflected sunlight for signalling. It was mainly used in areas where the electrical telegraph had not been established and by and large used the same lawmaking. The most extensive heliograph network established was in Arizona and New United mexican states during the Apache Wars. The heliograph was standard military equipment as late as Globe War II. Wireless telegraphy developed in the early 20th century. Wireless telegraphy became important for maritime use, and was a competitor to electrical telegraphy using submarine telegraph cables in international communications.

Telegrams became a popular means of sending messages one time telegraph prices had fallen sufficiently. Traffic became loftier enough to spur the development of automatic systems—teleprinters and punched record transmission. These systems led to new telegraph codes, starting with the Baudot code. However, telegrams were never able to compete with the letter post on toll, and competition from the telephone, which removed their speed advantage, drove the telegraph into refuse from 1920 onwards. The few remaining telegraph applications were largely taken over past alternatives on the internet towards the end of the 20th century.

Terminology [edit]

The word telegraph (from Aboriginal Greek: τῆλε (têle) 'at a distance' and γράφειν (gráphein) 'to write') was first coined past the French inventor of the semaphore telegraph, Claude Chappe, who as well coined the word semaphore.^[2]

A telegraph is a device for transmitting and receiving letters over long distances, i.east., for telegraphy. The give-and-take telegraph alone now generally refers to an electrical telegraph. Wireless telegraphy is manual of messages over radio with telegraphic codes.

Reverse to the extensive definition used by Chappe, Morse argued that the term telegraph tin strictly exist applied but to systems that transmit and record messages at a distance. This is to exist distinguished from semaphore, which merely transmits messages. Smoke signals, for instance, are to be considered semaphore, not telegraph. Co-ordinate to Morse, telegraph dates only from 1832 when Pavel Schilling invented i of the primeval electric telegraphs.^[iii]

A telegraph bulletin sent by an electric telegraph operator or telegrapher using Morse code (or a press telegraph operator using plainly text) was known as a telegram. A buzzer was a bulletin sent by a submarine telegraph cablevision,^[iv] often shortened to "cablevision" or "wire". After, a Telex was a message sent by a Telex network, a switched network of teleprinters similar to a telephone network.

A wirephoto or wire picture was a newspaper picture that was sent from a remote location by a facsimile telegraph. A diplomatic telegram, also known as a diplomatic cablevision, is a confidential communication between a diplomatic mission and the strange ministry of its parent country.^[5] ^[6] These continue to be called telegrams or cables regardless of the method used for transmission.

Early signalling [edit]

Passing messages by signalling over distance is an ancient practice. I of the oldest examples is the point towers of the Great Wall of China. In 400 BC, signals could exist sent by beacon fires or pulsate beats. Past 200 BC circuitous flag signalling had developed, and past the Han dynasty (200 BC – 220 Ad) signallers had a pick of lights, flags, or gunshots to send signals. By the Tang dynasty (618–907) a message could be sent 1,100 kilometres (700 mi) in 24 hours. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) added arms to the possible signals. While the signalling was circuitous (for instance, different-coloured flags could be used to indicate enemy strength), only predetermined messages could be sent.^[7] The Chinese signalling arrangement extended well beyond the Neat Wall. Signal towers away from the wall were used to give early warning of an assault. Others were congenital even further out as part of the protection of trade routes, especially the Silk Road.^[8]

Point fires were widely used in Europe and elsewhere for military purposes. The Roman army made frequent use of them, as did their enemies, and the remains of some of the stations yet exist. Few details have been recorded of European/Mediterranean signalling systems and the possible messages. One of the few for which details are known is a organisation invented by Aeneas Tacticus (4th century BC). Tacticus's organization had water filled pots at the two signal stations which were drained in synchronisation. Annotation on a floating scale indicated which message was being sent or received. Signals sent by means of torches indicated when to start and terminate draining to keep the synchronisation.^[9]

None of the signalling systems discussed above are true telegraphs in the sense of a system that can transmit arbitrary letters over capricious distances. Lines of signalling relay stations can send messages to any required distance, but all these systems are limited to one extent or another in the range of letters that they can transport. A system like flag semaphore, with an alphabetic code, can certainly send whatever given message, but the arrangement is designed for short-range communication between two persons. An engine social club telegraph, used to ship instructions from the bridge of a ship to the engine room, fails to meet both criteria; it has a express distance and very simple message set. There was merely ane ancient signalling arrangement described that does meet these criteria. That was a system using the Polybius square to encode an alphabet. Polybius (2nd century BC) suggested using two successive groups of torches to place the coordinates of the letter of the alphabet being transmitted. The number of said torches held upwardly signalled the grid square that contained the letter. There is no definite record of the organization ever being used, only there are several passages in ancient texts that some call back are suggestive. Holzmann and Pehrson, for instance, propose that Livy is describing its use by Philip V of Macedon in 207 BC during the First Macedonian War. Nothing else that could be described every bit a true telegraph existed until the 17th century.^[9] ^[x] ^: 26–29 Possibly the first alphabetic telegraph code in the modern era is due to Franz Kessler who published his work in 1616. Kessler used a lamp placed inside a barrel with a moveable shutter operated by the signaller. The signals were observed at a altitude with the newly invented telescope.^[10] ^: 32–34

Pulsate telegraph [edit]

In several places effectually the earth, a system of passing messages from hamlet to hamlet using drum beats was developed. This was peculiarly highly developed in Africa. At the fourth dimension of its discovery in Africa, the speed of message transmission was faster than whatsoever existing European arrangement using optical telegraphs. The African drum organization was not alphabetical. Rather, the drum beats followed the tones of the language. This fabricated messages highly ambiguous and context was important for their correct estimation.^[11]

Optical telegraph [edit]

Schematic of a Prussian optical telegraph (or semaphore) tower, c. 1835

19th-century demonstration of the semaphore

An optical telegraph is a telegraph consisting of a line of stations in towers or natural high points which point to each other by means of shutters or paddles. Signalling by means of indicator pointers was called semaphore. Early proposals for an optical telegraph organization were made to the Royal Guild by Robert Hooke in 1684^[12] and were first implemented on an experimental level by Sir Richard Lovell Edgeworth in 1767.^[13] The first successful optical telegraph network was invented by Claude Chappe and operated in French republic from 1793.^[14] The two most extensive systems were Chappe's in French republic, with branches into neighbouring countries, and the arrangement of Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz in Sweden.^[10] ^{: ix–ten, 47}

During 1790–1795, at the tiptop of the French Revolution, France needed a swift and reliable advice system to thwart the war efforts of its enemies. In 1790, the Chappe brothers set up about devising a organisation of communication that would permit the fundamental government to receive intelligence and to transmit orders in the shortest possible time. On two March 1791, at xi am, they sent the message "si vous réussissez, vous serez bientôt couverts de gloire" (If yous succeed, you will soon bask in glory) between Brulon and Parce, a distance of 16 kilometres (10 mi). The first ways used a combination of black and white panels, clocks, telescopes, and codebooks to ship their bulletin.

In 1792, Claude was appointed Ingénieur-Télégraphiste and charged with establishing a line of stations between Paris and Lille, a distance of 230 kilometres (140 mi). It was used to carry dispatches for the war between French republic and Republic of austria. In 1794, information technology brought news of a French capture of Condé-sur-fifty'Escaut from the Austrians less than an hr after information technology occurred.^[15] A decision to replace the system with an electric telegraph was made in 1846, simply it took a decade before information technology was fully taken out of service. The autumn of Sebastopol was reported by Chappe telegraph in 1855.^[x] ^: 92–94

The Prussian arrangement was put into result in the 1830s. However, they were highly dependent on skilful weather condition and daylight to work and even and so could adjust only about ii words per minute. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. As of 1895, France still operated coastal commercial semaphore telegraph stations, for ship-to-shore advice.^[16]

Electrical telegraph [edit]

The early ideas for an electric telegraph included in 1753 using electrostatic deflections of pith balls,^[17] proposals for electrochemical bubbles in acrid past Campillo in 1804 and von Sömmering in 1809.^[18] ^[19] The first experimental system over a substantial distance was by Ronalds in 1816 using an electrostatic generator. Ronalds offered his invention to the British Admiralty, but it was rejected as unnecessary,^[20] the existing optical telegraph connecting the Admiralty in London to their main fleet base of operations in Portsmouth being deemed adequate for their purposes. As late as 1844, after the electrical telegraph had come into use, the Admiralty'due south optical telegraph was still used, although it was accepted that poor weather ruled it out on many days of the twelvemonth.^[21] ^: 16, 37 France had an extensive optical telegraph dating from Napoleonic times and was even slower to take upwards electric systems.^[22] ^{: 217–218}

Eventually, electrostatic telegraphs were abased in favour of electromagnetic systems. An early experimental system (Schilling, 1832) led to a proposal to found a telegraph between St Petersburg and Kronstadt, but it was never completed.^[23] The first operative electric telegraph (Gauss and Weber, 1833) continued Göttingen Observatory to the Institute of Physics about 1 km away during experimental investigations of the geomagnetic field.^[24]

The get-go commercial telegraph was by Cooke and Wheatstone post-obit their English patent of x June 1837. It was demonstrated on the London and Birmingham Railway in July of the same twelvemonth.^[25] In July 1839, a v-needle, 5-wire system was installed to provide signalling over a record distance of 21 km on a section of the Great Western Railway between London Paddington station and West Drayton.^[26] ^[27] However, in trying to get railway companies to take upwards his telegraph more widely for railway signalling, Cooke was rejected several times in favour of the more familiar, only shorter range, steam-powered pneumatic signalling. Even when his telegraph was taken up, it was considered experimental and the company backed out of a plan to finance extending the telegraph line out to Slough. However, this led to a quantum for the electric telegraph, as upwardly to this point the Keen Western had insisted on sectional use and refused Cooke permission to open public telegraph offices. Cooke extended the line at his ain expense and agreed that the railway could have free apply of it in exchange for the correct to open it upwards to the public.^[21] ^: 19–xx

Most of the early on electric systems required multiple wires (Ronalds' system was an exception), simply the system adult in the United States by Morse and Vail was a single-wire system. This was the system that beginning used the soon-to-become-ubiquitous Morse code.^[25] By 1844, the Morse system connected Baltimore to Washington, and by 1861 the west coast of the continent was continued to the east declension.^[28] ^[29] The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph, in a serial of improvements, also ended upwards with a one-wire organization, but still using their own code and needle displays.^[26]

The electrical telegraph chop-chop became a means of more than full general communication. The Morse organisation was officially adopted as the standard for continental European telegraphy in 1851 with a revised code, which after became the basis of International Morse Code.^[30] However, Nifty United kingdom and the British Empire continued to use the Cooke and Wheatstone system, in some places as tardily equally the 1930s.^[26] Likewise, the United States connected to use American Morse code internally, requiring translation operators skilled in both codes for international messages.^[30]

Railway telegraphy [edit]

A block signalling instrument every bit used in Britain in the 20th century

Railway bespeak telegraphy was developed in Britain from the 1840s onward. Information technology was used to manage railway traffic and to prevent accidents as function of the railway signalling organisation. On 12 June 1837 Cooke and Wheatstone were awarded a patent for an electrical telegraph.^[31] This was demonstrated betwixt Euston railway station—where Wheatstone was located—and the engine house at Camden Town—where Cooke was stationed, together with Robert Stephenson, the London and Birmingham Railway line's chief engineer. The letters were for the operation of the rope-haulage organization for pulling trains upward the 1 in 77 banking concern. The world's first permanent railway telegraph was completed in July 1839 between London Paddington and West Drayton on the Bully Western Railway with an electric telegraph using a 4-needle organisation.

The concept of a signalling "block" organisation was proposed past Cooke in 1842. Railway indicate telegraphy did not change in essence from Cooke's initial concept for more than a century. In this system each line of railway was divided into sections or blocks of varying length. Entry to and exit from the cake was to be authorised by electric telegraph and signalled past the line-side semaphore signals, so that only a single railroad train could occupy the rails. In Cooke's original organisation, a unmarried-needle telegraph was adapted to indicate just two messages: "Line Clear" and "Line Blocked". The signaller would conform his line-side signals accordingly. As beginning implemented in 1844 each station had equally many needles as at that place were stations on the line, giving a complete picture of the traffic. Every bit lines expanded, a sequence of pairs of unmarried-needle instruments were adopted, one pair for each cake in each direction.^[32]

Wigwag [edit]

Wigwag is a class of flag signalling using a unmarried flag. Different most forms of flag signalling, which are used over relatively brusk distances, wigwag is designed to maximise the distance covered—up to 32 km (20 mi) in some cases. Wigwag achieved this by using a big flag—a single flag can be held with both easily different flag semaphore which has a flag in each manus—and using motions rather than positions as its symbols since motions are more easily seen. It was invented by US Army surgeon Albert J. Myer in the 1850s who later became the first head of the Signal Corps. Wigwag was used extensively during the American Civil War where it filled a gap left by the electrical telegraph. Although the electrical telegraph had been in employ for more than than a decade, the network did not even so attain everywhere and portable, ruggedized equipment suitable for armed forces use was not immediately available. Permanent or semi-permanent stations were established during the war, some of them towers of enormous height and the system for a while could exist described equally a communications network.^[33] ^[34]

Heliograph [edit]

Australian troops using a Mance mk.V heliograph in the Western Desert in Nov 1940

Us Woods Service lookout man using a Colomb shutter type heliograph in 1912 at the stop of a telephone line

A heliograph is a telegraph that transmits letters past flashing sunlight with a mirror, usually using Morse code. The thought for a telegraph of this type was first proposed as a modification of surveying equipment (Gauss, 1821). Various uses of mirrors were made for advice in the following years, mostly for military purposes, but the beginning device to get widely used was a heliograph with a moveable mirror (Mance, 1869). The organization was used by the French during the 1870–71 siege of Paris, with night-time signalling using kerosene lamps as the source of calorie-free. An improved version (Begbie, 1870) was used past British war machine in many colonial wars, including the Anglo-Zulu State of war (1879). At some point, a morse key was added to the apparatus to give the operator the same degree of control every bit in the electrical telegraph.^[35]

Some other type of heliograph was the heliostat or heliotrope fitted with a Colomb shutter. The heliostat was essentially a surveying instrument with a fixed mirror and then could not transmit a code by itself. The term heliostat is sometimes used as a synonym for heliograph because of this origin. The Colomb shutter (Bolton and Colomb, 1862) was originally invented to enable the transmission of morse code past signal lamp between Royal Navy ships at sea.^[35]

The heliograph was heavily used past Nelson A. Miles in Arizona and New Mexico after he took over command (1886) of the fight confronting Geronimo and other Apache bands in the Apache Wars. Miles had previously set the kickoff heliograph line in the Us between Fort Keogh and Fort Custer in Montana. He used the heliograph to fill in vast, thinly populated areas that were not covered by the electric telegraph. Twenty-vi stations covered an area 320 past 480 km (200 by 300 mi). In a test of the system, a message was relayed 640 km (400 mi) in iv hours. Miles' enemies used smoke signals and flashes of sunlight from metal, simply lacked a sophisticated telegraph lawmaking.^[36] The heliograph was ideal for employ in the American Southwest due to its clear air and mountainous terrain on which stations could exist located. It was plant necessary to lengthen the morse nuance (which is much shorter in American Morse lawmaking than in the mod International Morse lawmaking) to aid differentiating from the morse dot.^[35]

Use of the heliograph declined from 1915 onwards, but remained in service in United kingdom and British Democracy countries for some time. Australian forces used the heliograph as late as 1942 in the Western Desert Campaign of World State of war II. Some form of heliograph was used past the mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan State of war (1979–1989).^[35]

Teleprinter [edit]

A Creed Model 7 teleprinter, 1931

A teleprinter is a telegraph motorcar that can send letters from a typewriter-like keyboard and print incoming messages in readable text with no need for the operators to be trained in the telegraph code used on the line. It developed from various earlier printing telegraphs and resulted in improved transmission speeds.^[37] The Morse telegraph (1837) was originally conceived equally a system marking indentations on paper tape. A chemical telegraph making blue marks improved the speed of recording (Bain, 1846), merely was delayed by a patent challenge from Morse. The first true press telegraph (that is printing in plain text) used a spinning wheel of types in the manner of a daisy wheel printer (House, 1846, improved by Hughes, 1855). The system was adopted past Western Union.^[38]

Early teleprinters used the Baudot code, a five-bit sequential binary code. This was a telegraph lawmaking adult for utilise on the French telegraph using a 5-fundamental keyboard (Baudot, 1874). Teleprinters generated the same code from a total alphanumeric keyboard. A feature of the Baudot code, and subsequent telegraph codes, was that, unlike Morse code, every grapheme has a code of the aforementioned length making information technology more machine friendly.^[39] The Baudot lawmaking was used on the earliest ticker record machines (Calahan, 1867), a system for mass distributing stock cost information.^[40]

Automatic punched-tape manual [edit]

In a punched-record system, the message is start typed onto punched record using the code of the telegraph system—Morse code for instance. It is so, either immediately or at some later time, run through a transmission automobile which sends the message to the telegraph network. Multiple messages can be sequentially recorded on the same run of tape. The advantage of doing this is that messages tin exist sent at a steady, fast rate making maximum employ of the bachelor telegraph lines. The economic advantage of doing this is greatest on long, busy routes where the toll of the actress stride of preparing the tape is outweighed by the toll of providing more telegraph lines. The first motorcar to use punched record was Bain'due south teleprinter (Bain, 1843), merely the system saw but limited use. Later versions of Bain'southward organization achieved speeds up to 1000 words per minute, far faster than a human operator could accomplish.^[41]

The first widely used system (Wheatstone, 1858) was beginning put into service with the British General Mail Role in 1867. A novel characteristic of the Wheatstone organization was the apply of bipolar encoding. That is, both positive and negative polarity voltages were used.^[42] Bipolar encoding has several advantages, one of which is that it permits duplex communication.^[43] The Wheatstone tape reader was capable of a speed of 400 words per minute.^[44] ^: 190

Oceanic telegraph cables [edit]

The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901

A worldwide communication network meant that telegraph cables would have to be laid across oceans. On country cables could be run uninsulated suspended from poles. Underwater, a good insulator that was both flexible and capable of resisting the ingress of seawater was required. A solution presented itself with gutta-percha, a natural safety from the Palaquium gutta tree, subsequently William Montgomerie sent samples to London from Singapore in 1843. The new material was tested past Michael Faraday and in 1845 Wheatstone suggested that it should be used on the cable planned between Dover and Calais by John Watkins Brett. The idea was proved feasible when the South Eastern Railway visitor successfully tested a three-kilometre (2-mile) gutta-percha insulated cable with telegraph messages to a ship off the coast of Folkstone.^[45] The cable to French republic was laid in 1850 only was well-nigh immediately severed by a French fishing vessel.^[46] Information technology was relaid the next twelvemonth^[46] and connections to Republic of ireland and the Low Countries soon followed.

Getting a cable across the Atlantic Ocean proved much more than difficult. The Atlantic Telegraph Company, formed in London in 1856, had several failed attempts. A cable laid in 1858 worked poorly for a few days (sometimes taking all day to send a message despite the employ of the highly sensitive mirror galvanometer developed by William Thomson (the future Lord Kelvin) before being destroyed past applying too loftier a voltage. Its failure and slow speed of transmission prompted Thomson and Oliver Heaviside to find better mathematical descriptions of long transmission lines.^[47] The company finally succeeded in 1866 with an improved cable laid past SS Great Eastern, the largest ship of its twenty-four hours, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.^[48] ^[47]

An overland telegraph from Britain to Bharat was first connected in 1866 merely was unreliable so a submarine telegraph cablevision was continued in 1870.^[49] Several telegraph companies were combined to form the Eastern Telegraph Company in 1872. Australia was showtime linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin.^[50]

From the 1850s until well into the 20th century, British submarine cablevision systems dominated the globe system. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the All Ruby-red Line.^[51] In 1896, there were 30 cable-laying ships in the world and twenty-four of them were owned by British companies. In 1892, British companies endemic and operated two-thirds of the world's cables and by 1923, their share was notwithstanding 42.7 pct.^[52] During World State of war I, Britain's telegraph communications were nigh completely uninterrupted while information technology was able to rapidly cutting Federal republic of germany's cables worldwide.^[51]

Facsimile [edit]

In 1843, Scottish inventor Alexander Bain invented a device that could be considered the first facsimile machine. He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain'southward telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain'south design and demonstrated a telefax machine. In 1855, an Italian abbot, Giovanni Caselli, also created an electrical telegraph that could transmit images. Caselli called his invention "Pantelegraph". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between Paris and Lyon.^[53] ^[54]

In 1881, English language inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan whatsoever ii-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or cartoon. Around 1900, High german physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph widespread in continental Europe especially since a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908 used until the wider distribution of the radiofax. Its principal competitors were the Bélinographe by Édouard Belin first, so since the 1930s, the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.

Wireless telegraphy [edit]

Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by B.F.S. Baden-Powell^[55]) used to lift the antenna at St. John's, Newfoundland, December 1901

The late 1880s through to the 1890s saw the discovery and then evolution of a newly understood phenomenon into a grade of wireless telegraphy, called Hertzian moving ridge wireless telegraphy, radiotelegraphy, or (afterwards) simply "radio". Between 1886 and 1888, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz published the results of his experiments where he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 theory of electromagnetic radiation. Many scientists and inventors experimented with this new miracle but the general consensus was that these new waves (similar to calorie-free) would be just as short range as light, and, therefore, useless for long range advice.^[56]

At the end of 1894, the young Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began working on the idea of edifice a commercial wireless telegraphy system based on the apply of Hertzian waves (radio waves), a line of research that he noted other inventors did non seem to be pursuing.^[57] Edifice on the ideas of previous scientists and inventors Marconi re-engineered their apparatus past trial and error attempting to build a radio-based wireless telegraphic organisation that would function the same as wired telegraphy. He would work on the arrangement through 1895 in his lab and so in field tests making improvements to extend its range. After many breakthroughs, including applying the wired telegraphy concept of grounding the transmitter and receiver, Marconi was able, by early 1896, to transmit radio far beyond the curt ranges that had been predicted.^[58] Having failed to interest the Italian government, the 22-year-old inventor brought his telegraphy system to Britain in 1896 and met William Preece, a Welshman, who was a major effigy in the field and Primary Engineer of the General Mail service Office. A series of demonstrations for the British regime followed—by March 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a altitude of about half-dozen km (three+ 1⁄2 mi) across Salisbury Plain.

On xiii May 1897, Marconi, assisted past George Kemp, a Cardiff Postal service Office engineer, transmitted the first wireless signals over water to Lavernock (near Penarth in Wales) from Flat Holm.^[59] The message sent was "ARE You lot READY". From his Fraserburgh base, he transmitted the first long-distance, cross-country wireless signal to Poldhu in Cornwall.^{[ when? ]} ^{[ citation needed ]} His star rising, he was presently sending signals beyond the English language Aqueduct (1899), from shore to ship (1899) and finally across the Atlantic (1901).^[60] A study of these demonstrations of radio, with scientists trying to work out how a miracle predicted to accept a short range could transmit "over the horizon", led to the discovery of a radio reflecting layer in the Earth's atmosphere in 1902, afterwards called the ionosphere.^[61]

Radiotelegraphy proved effective for rescue piece of work in sea disasters past enabling effective advice between ships and from ship to shore. In 1904, Marconi began the first commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907.^[62] ^[63] Notably, Marconi's appliance was used to help rescue efforts later the sinking of Titanic. United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's postmaster-general summed up, referring to the Titanic disaster, "Those who have been saved, have been saved through 1 human, Mr. Marconi...and his marvellous invention."

Telegram services [edit]

Western Matrimony telegram (1930)

A telegram service is a company or public entity that delivers telegraphed messages direct to the recipient. Telegram services were not inaugurated until electrical telegraphy became available. Earlier optical systems were largely express to official government and military machine purposes.

Historically, telegrams were sent betwixt a network of interconnected telegraph offices. A person visiting a local telegraph role paid by-the-word to accept a bulletin telegraphed to some other role and delivered to the addressee on a newspaper course.^[64] ^: 276 Messages sent by telegraph could exist delivered by telegram messenger faster than mail,^[40] and even in the telephone age, the telegram remained pop for social and business organisation correspondence. At their superlative in 1929, an estimated 200 million telegrams were sent.^[64] ^: 274

In 1919, the Central Bureau for Registered Addresses was established in the financial district of New York City. The bureau was created to ease the growing problem of messages being delivered to the wrong recipients. To combat this issue, the bureau offered telegraph customers the selection to register unique code names for their telegraph addresses. Customers were charged $ii.50 per year per code. By 1934, 28,000 codes had been registered.^[65]

Telegram services still operate in much of the world (see worldwide utilize of telegrams past state), but e-mail and text messaging have rendered telegrams obsolete in many countries, and the number of telegrams sent annually has been failing rapidly since the 1980s.^[66] Where telegram services still exist, the transmission method between offices is no longer past telegraph, simply by telex or IP link.^[67]

Telegram length [edit]

Every bit telegrams have been traditionally charged by the word, letters were oftentimes abbreviated to pack information into the smallest possible number of words, in what came to exist chosen "telegram style".

The average length of a telegram in the 1900s in the US was 11.93 words; more than than one-half of the letters were 10 words or fewer.^[68] According to some other study, the hateful length of the telegrams sent in the UK before 1950 was 14.6 words or 78.viii characters.^[69] For German telegrams, the mean length is xi.5 words or 72.4 characters.^[69] At the end of the 19th century, the boilerplate length of a German language telegram was calculated as 14.2 words.^[69]

Telex [edit]

ITT Creed Model 23B teleprinter with telex dial-up facility

Telex (TELegraph EXchange) was a public switched network of teleprinters. It used rotary-phone-style pulse dialling for automatic routing through the network. Information technology initially used the Baudot code for letters. Telex development began in Frg in 1926, condign an operational service in 1933 run past the Reichspost (Reich postal service). Information technology had a speed of 50 baud—approximately 66 words per infinitesimal. Up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using vox frequency telegraphy multiplexing, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-altitude advice.^{[ citation needed ]} Telex was introduced into Canada in July 1957, and the United states of america in 1958.^[70] A new code, ASCII, was introduced in 1963 by the American Standards Association. ASCII was a 7-bit lawmaking and could thus support a larger number of characters than Baudot. In item, ASCII supported upper and lower example whereas Baudot was upper example only.

Decline [edit]

Telegraph utilise began to permanently refuse effectually 1920.^[21] ^: 248 The decline began with the growth of the use of the phone.^[21] ^: 253 Ironically, the invention of the telephone grew out of the development of the harmonic telegraph, a device which was supposed to increase the efficiency of telegraph manual and improve the profits of telegraph companies. Western Wedlock gave up their patent battle with Alexander Graham Bong because they believed the telephone was not a threat to their telegraph business concern. The Bell Telephone Company was formed in 1877 and had 230 subscribers which grew to 30,000 by 1880. By 1886 in that location were a quarter of a million phones worldwide,^[64] ^{: 276–277} and virtually 2 million by 1900.^[44] ^: 204 The decline was briefly postponed by the rise of special occasion congratulatory telegrams. Traffic connected to abound between 1867 and 1893 despite the introduction of the telephone in this catamenia,^[64] ^: 274 only by 1900 the telegraph was definitely in decline.^[64] ^: 277

There was a brief resurgence in telegraphy during World State of war I but the decline continued as the world entered the Neat Depression years of the 1930s.^[64] ^: 277 Afterward the Second Earth War new engineering improved communication in the telegraph manufacture.^[71] Telegraph lines continued to be an important ways of distributing news feeds from news agencies by teleprinter machine until the ascension of the internet in the 1990s. For Western Union, i service remained highly profitable—the wire transfer of coin. This service kept Western Union in business organization long after the telegraph had ceased to be of import.^[64] ^: 277 In the modernistic era, the telegraph that began in 1837 has been gradually replaced by digital data transmission based on estimator data systems.^[71]

[edit]

Optical telegraph lines were installed by governments, often for a military machine purpose, and reserved for official use only. In many countries, this situation connected after the introduction of the electric telegraph. Starting in Germany and the UK, electric telegraph lines were installed by railway companies. Railway use quickly led to private telegraph companies in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the U.s.a. offering a telegraph service to the public using telegraph forth railway lines. The availability of this new form of communication brought on widespread social and economic changes.

The electric telegraph freed communication from the time constraints of postal mail service and revolutionized the global economy and lodge.^[72] ^[73] By the end of the 19th century, the telegraph was becoming an increasingly common medium of communication for ordinary people. The telegraph isolated the message (data) from the physical movement of objects or the process.^[74]

There was some fearfulness of the new applied science. Co-ordinate to author Allan J. Kimmel, some people "feared that the telegraph would erode the quality of public soapbox through the transmission of irrelevant, context-free information." Henry David Thoreau thought of the Transatlantic cable "...perchance the first news that will leak through into the wide flapping American ear will be that Princess Adelaide has the whooping cough." Kimmel says these fears anticipate many of the characteristics of the modernistic internet age.^[75]

Initially, the telegraph was expensive, simply it had an enormous result on iii industries: finance, newspapers, and railways. Telegraphy facilitated the growth of organizations "in the railroads, consolidated financial and article markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms".^[73] In the Us, at that place were 200 to 300 stock exchanges before the telegraph, but most of these were unnecessary and unprofitable once the telegraph made financial transactions at a distance easy and drove down transaction costs.^[64] ^{: 274–275} This immense growth in the business organisation sectors influenced society to embrace the employ of telegrams once the cost had fallen.

Worldwide telegraphy changed the gathering of information for news reporting. Journalists were using the telegraph for war reporting as early as 1846 when the Mexican–American State of war bankrupt out. News agencies were formed, such as the Associated Press, for the purpose of reporting news by telegraph.^[64] ^{: 274–275} Messages and data would at present travel far and wide, and the telegraph demanded a linguistic communication "stripped of the local, the regional; and colloquial", to improve facilitate a worldwide media language.^[74] Media language had to be standardized, which led to the gradual disappearance of different forms of speech and styles of journalism and storytelling.

The spread of the railways created a need for an accurate standard time to replace local arbitrary standards based on local apex. The means of achieving this synchronisation was the telegraph. This accent on precise fourth dimension has led to major societal changes such as the concept of the time value of money.^[64] ^{: 273–274}

During the telegraph era there was widespread employment of women in telegraphy. The shortage of men to work every bit telegraph operators in the American Civil War opened upwardly the opportunity for women of a well-paid skilled job.^[64] ^: 274 In the UK, in that location was widespread employment of women as telegraph operators even earlier – from the 1850s by all the major companies. The allure of women for the telegraph companies was that they could pay them less than men. Nevertheless, the jobs were popular with women for the same reason as in the US; most other work available for women was very poorly paid.^[39] ^: 77 ^[21] ^: 85

The economic affect of the telegraph was not much studied by economic historians until parallels started to exist fatigued with the rising of the net. In fact, the electrical telegraph was as of import as the invention of press in this respect. Co-ordinate to economist Ronnie J. Phillips, the reason for this may be that institutional economists paid more than attention to advances that required greater capital investment. The investment required to build railways, for example, is orders of magnitude greater than that for the telegraph.^[64] ^{: 269–270}

Popular culture [edit]

The optical telegraph was quickly forgotten once it went out of service. While it was in performance, it was very familiar to the public across Europe. Examples announced in many paintings of the period. Poems include Le Telégraphe, by Victor Hugo, and the collection Telegrafen: Optisk kalender för 1858 past Elias Sehlstedt [sv] ^[76] is defended to the telegraph. In novels, the telegraph is a major component in Lucien Leuwen by Stendhal, and it features in The Count of Monte Cristo, by Alexandre Dumas.^[10] ^: vii–ix Joseph Chudy'southward 1796 opera, Der Telegraph oder die Fernschreibmaschine, was written to publicise Chudy's telegraph (a binary code with five lamps) when it became clear that Chappe's design was being taken up.^[ten] ^: 42–43

An illustration declaring that the submarine cable between England and France would bring those countries peace and goodwill

Rudyard Kipling wrote a verse form in praise of submarine telegraph cables; "And a new Word runs betwixt: whispering, 'Permit u.s.a. be 1!'"^[77] Kipling's verse form represented a widespread idea in the late nineteenth century that international telegraphy (and new technology in general)^[78] would bring peace and common understanding to the world.^[79] When a submarine telegraph cablevision outset connected America and Britain, the Mail service declared;

It is the harbinger of an age when international difficulties will not have time to ripen into bloody results, and when, in spite of the fatuity and perveseness of rulers, war will be impossible.^[lxxx]

Newspaper names [edit]

Numerous newspapers and news outlets in various countries, such every bit The Daily Telegraph in Britain, The Telegraph in India, De Telegraaf in kingdom of the netherlands, and the Jewish Telegraphic Bureau in the U.s., were given names which include the give-and-take "telegraph" due to their having received news by means of electrical telegraphy. Some of these names are retained even though dissimilar means of news acquisition are at present used.

Run across also [edit]

Casa del Telegrafista, a Colombian museum dedicated to the telegrapher at a train station
Familygram
Kickoff transcontinental telegraph
Globotype
Radiogram
Telecommunications

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Telegraphy.

"Telegraph". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Britannica Encyclopedia - Telegraph
The Porthcurno Telegraph Museum Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine The biggest Telegraph station in the earth, at present a museum
Distant Writing—The History of the Telegraph Companies in U.k. betwixt 1838 and 1868
Western Spousal relationship Telegraph Company Records, 1820–1995 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
Early telegraphy and fax engineering, nevertheless operable in a German computer museum
"Telegram Falls Silent Stop Era Ends Stop", The New York Times, 6 February 2006
International Facilities of the American Carriers – an overview of the U.Southward. international cable network in 1950
Elizabeth Bruton: Communication Technology, in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the Kickoff World War.